NAME
faithd — FAITH IPv6/v4 translator daemon
SYNOPSIS
faithd [−dp] [−f configfile] service [serverpath [serverargs]]
DESCRIPTION
The faithd utility provides IPv6-to-IPv4 TCP relay. It must be used on an IPv4/v6 dual stack router.
When faithd receives TCPv6 traffic, faithd will relay the TCPv6 traffic to TCPv4. Destination for relayed TCPv4 connection will be determined by the last 4 octets of the original IPv6 destination. For example, if 3ffe:0501:4819:ffff:: is reserved for faithd, and the TCPv6 destination address is 3ffe:0501:4819:ffff::0a01:0101, the traffic will be relayed to IPv4 destination 10.1.1.1.
To use faithd translation service, an IPv6 address prefix must be reserved for mapping IPv4 addresses into. Kernel must be properly configured to route all the TCP connection toward the reserved IPv6 address prefix into the faith(4) pseudo interface, by using route(8) command. Also, sysctl(8) should be used to configure net.inet6.ip6.keepfaith to 1.
The router must be configured to capture all the TCP traffic toward reserved IPv6 address prefix, by using route(8) and sysctl(8) commands.
The faithd utility needs a special name-to-address translation logic, so that hostnames gets resolved into special IPv6 address prefix. For small-scale installation, use hosts(5). For large-scale installation, it is useful to have a DNS server with special address translation support. An implementation called totd is available at http://www.vermicelli.pasta.cs.uit.no/ipv6/software.html. Make sure you do not propagate translated DNS records to normal DNS cloud, it is highly harmful.
Daemon
mode
When faithd is invoked as a standalone program,
faithd will daemonize itself. The faithd
utility will listen to TCPv6 port service. If TCPv6
traffic to port service is found, it relays the
connection.
Since faithd listens to TCP port service, it is not possible to run local TCP daemons for port service on the router, using inetd(8) or other standard mechanisms. By specifying serverpath to faithd, you can run local daemons on the router. The faithd utility will invoke local daemon at serverpath if the destination address is local interface address, and will perform translation to IPv4 TCP in other cases. You can also specify serverargs for the arguments for the local daemon.
The following options are available:
−d
Debugging information will be generated using syslog(3).
−f configfile
Specify a configuration file for access control. See below.
−p
Use privileged TCP port number as source port, for IPv4 TCP connection toward final destination. For relaying ftp(1), this flag is not necessary as special program code is supplied.
The faithd utility will relay both normal and out-of-band TCP data. It is capable of emulating TCP half close as well. The faithd utility includes special support for protocols used by ftp(1). When translating FTP protocol, faithd translates network level addresses in PORT/LPRT/EPRT and PASV/LPSV/EPSV commands.
Inactive sessions will be disconnected in 30 minutes, to avoid stale sessions from chewing up resources. This may be inappropriate for some of the services (should this be configurable?).
inetd
mode
When faithd is invoked via inetd(8), faithd
will handle connection passed from standard input. If the
connection endpoint is in the reserved IPv6 address prefix,
faithd will relay the connection. Otherwise,
faithd will invoke service-specific daemon like
telnetd(8), by using the command argument passed from
inetd(8).
The faithd utility determines operation mode by the local TCP port number, and enables special protocol handling whenever necessary/possible. For example, if faithd is invoked via inetd(8) on FTP port, it will operate as a FTP relay.
The operation mode requires special support for faithd in inetd(8).
Access
control
To prevent malicious accesses, faithd implements a
simple address-based access control. With
/etc/faithd.conf (or configfile specified by
−f), faithd will avoid relaying unwanted
traffic. The faithd.conf contains directives with the
following format:
•
src/slen deny dst/dlen
If the source address of a query matches src/slen, and the translated destination address matches dst/dlen, deny the connection.
•
src/slen permit dst/dlen
If the source address of a query matches src/slen, and the translated destination address matches dst/dlen, permit the connection.
The directives are evaluated in sequence, and the first matching entry will be effective. If there is no match (if we reach the end of the ruleset) the traffic will be denied.
With inetd mode, traffic may be filtered by using access control functionality in inetd(8).
DIAGNOSTICS
The faithd utility exits with EXIT_SUCCESS (0) on success, and EXIT_FAILURE (1) on error.
EXAMPLES
Before invoking faithd, faith(4) interface has to be configured properly.
# sysctl
net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv=0
# sysctl net.inet6.ip6.forwarding=1
# sysctl net.inet6.ip6.keepfaith=1
# ifconfig faith0 up
# route add -inet6 3ffe:501:4819:ffff:: -prefixlen 96 ::1
# route change -inet6 3ffe:501:4819:ffff:: -prefixlen 96
-ifp faith0
Daemon mode
samples
To translate telnet service, and provide no local telnet
service, invoke faithd as follows:
# faithd telnet
If you would like to provide local telnet service via telnetd(8) on /usr/libexec/telnetd, use the following command line:
# faithd telnet /usr/libexec/telnetd telnetd
If you would like to pass extra arguments to the local daemon:
# faithd ftp /usr/libexec/ftpd ftpd -l
Here are some other examples. You may need −p if the service checks the source port range.
# faithd ssh
# faithd telnet /usr/libexec/telnetd telnetd
inetd mode
samples
Add the following lines into inetd.conf(5). Syntax may vary
depending upon your operating system.
telnet stream
tcp6/faith nowait root faithd telnetd
ftp stream tcp6/faith nowait root faithd ftpd -l
ssh stream tcp6/faith nowait root faithd /usr/sbin/sshd
-i
inetd(8) will open listening sockets with enabling kernel TCP relay support. Whenever connection comes in, faithd will be invoked by inetd(8). If it the connection endpoint is in the reserved IPv6 address prefix. The faithd utility will relay the connection. Otherwise, faithd will invoke service-specific daemon like telnetd(8).
Access
control samples
The following illustrates a simple faithd.conf
setting.
# permit anyone
from 3ffe:501:ffff::/48 to use the translator,
# to connect to the following IPv4 destinations:
# - any location except 10.0.0.0/8 and 127.0.0.0/8.
# Permit no other connections.
#
3ffe:501:ffff::/48 deny 10.0.0.0/8
3ffe:501:ffff::/48 deny 127.0.0.0/8
3ffe:501:ffff::/48 permit 0.0.0.0/0
SEE ALSO
Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino
and
Kazu Yamamoto , "
An IPv6-to-IPv4 transport relay translator ",
RFC3142 ,
June 2001 ,
ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc3142.txt .
HISTORY
The faithd utility first appeared in WIDE Hydrangea IPv6 protocol stack kit.
IPv6 and IPsec support based on the KAME Project (http://www.kame.net/) stack was initially integrated into FreeBSD 4.0
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
It is very insecure to use IP-address based authentication, for connections relayed by faithd, and any other TCP relaying services.
Administrators are advised to limit accesses to faithd using faithd.conf, or by using IPv6 packet filters. It is to protect faithd service from malicious parties and avoid theft of service/bandwidth. IPv6 destination address can be limited by carefully configuring routing entries that points to faith(4), using route(8). IPv6 source address needs to be filtered by using packet filters. Documents listed in SEE ALSO have more discussions on this topic.
BSD May 17, 1998 BSD