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NAME

stunnel − universal SSL tunnel

SYNOPSIS

stunnel [−c ⎪ −T] [−D [facility.]level] [−O a⎪l⎪r:option=value[:value]] [−o file] [−C cipherlist] [−p pemfile] [−v level] [−A certfile] [−S sources] [−a directory] [−t timeout] [−u ident_username] [−s setuid_user] [−g setgid_group] [−n protocol] [−P { dir/ ⎪ filename ⎪ none } ] [−B bytes] [−R randfile] [−W] [−E socket] [−I host] [−d [host:]port [−f] ] [ −r [host:]port ⎪ { −l ⎪ −L } program [−− progname args] ]

DESCRIPTION

The stunnel program is designed to work as SSL encryption wrapper between remote clients and local (inetd−startable) or remote servers. The concept is that having non-SSL aware daemons running on your system you can easily set them up to communicate with clients over secure SSL channels.

stunnel can be used to add SSL functionality to commonly used inetd daemons like POP−2 , POP−3 , and IMAP servers, to standalone daemons like NNTP , SMTP and HTTP , and in tunneling PPP over network sockets without changes to the source code.

This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay [AT] cryptsoft.com)

OPTIONS

−D level

Debugging level

Level is a one of the syslog level names or numbers emerg (0), alert (1), crit (2), err (3), warning (4), notice (5), info (6), or debug (7). All logs for the specified level and all levels numerically less than it will be shown. Use −D debug or −D 7 for greatest debugging output. The default is notice (5).

The syslog facility ’daemon’ will be used unless a facility name is supplied. (Facilities are not supported on windows.)

Case is ignored for both facilities and levels.

−O a⎪l⎪r:option=value[:value]

Set an option on accept/local/remote socket

The values for linger option are l_onof:l_linger. The values for time are tv_sec:tv_usec.

Examples:

−O l:SO_LINGER=1:60 − set one minute timeout for closing local socket

−O r:TCP_NODELAY=1 − turn off the Nagle algorithm for remote sockets

−O r:SO_OOBINLINE=1 − place out-of-band data directly into the receive data stream for remote sockets

−O a:SO_REUSEADDR=0 − disable address reuse (enabled by default)

−O a:SO_BINDTODEVICE=lo − only accept connections on loopback interface

See ’stunnel −V’ for options supported on your system and their default values.

−o file

Append log messages to a file.

−C cipherlist

Select permitted SSL ciphers

A colon delimited list of the ciphers to allow in the SSL connection. For example DES−CBC3−SHA:IDEA−CBC−MD5

default: server mode

Re-write address to appear as if wrapped daemon is connecting from the SSL client machine instead of the machine running stunnel. Available only on some operating systems (Linux only, we believe) and then only in server mode. Note that this option will not combine with proxy mode (−r) unless the client’s default route to the target machine lies through the host running stunnel, which cannot be localhost.

−p pemfile

private key and certificate chain PEM file name

A PEM is always needed in server mode (see stunnel −V output for default). Specifying this flag in client mode will use this key and certificate chain as a client side certificate chain. Using client side certs is optional. The certificates must be in PEM format and must be sorted starting with the certificate to the highest level (root CA ).

−v level

verify peer certificate

−a directory

client certificate directory

This is the directory in which stunnel will look for certificates when using the −v options. Note that the certificates in this directory should be named XXXXXXXX .0 where XXXXXXXX is the hash value of the cert. This directory will override the stunnel compile-time default, if any.

See stunnel −V output for default.

−A certfile

Certificate Authority file

This file contains multiple CA certificates, used with the −v options. This file will override the stunnel compile-time default, if any.

See stunnel −V output for default.

−S sources

Certificate source defaults

Both stunnel and the SSL library used to compile stunnel have default locations to look for your certificate file (−A option) and certificate directories (−a option). The −S flag allows you to control which of these default sources, if any, should be used.

    0 = ignore all default sources
    1 = use ssl library defaults
    2 = use stunnel defaults
    3 = use both ssl library and stunnel defaults

(See stunnel −V output for the default.)

Note that the −A and −a flags overwrite, not supplement, the stunnel defaults, whereas the ssl library defaults, if enabled, are used in addition to the other sources.

In general, to avoid hurting one’s brain, use −S 0 and explicitly set −A and/or −a as desired.

−t timeout

session cache timeout

default: 300 seconds.

−N servicename

Service name to use for tcpwrappers. If not specified then a tcpwrapper service name will be generated automatically for you. This will also be used when auto-generating pid filenames.

−u ident_username

Use IDENT ( RFC 1413) username checking

−n proto

Negotiate SSL with specified protocol

currently supported: smtp, pop3, nntp

−E socket

Entropy Gathering Daemon socket to use to feed OpenSSL random number generator. (Available only if compiled with OpenSSL 0.9.5a or higher)

−R filename

File containing random input. The SSL library will use data from this file first to seed the random number generator.

−B bytes

Number of bytes of data read from random seed files. With SSL versions less than 0.9.5a, also determines how many bytes of data are considered sufficient to seed the PRNG . More recent OpenSSL versions have a builtin function to determine when sufficient randomness is available.

−I host

IP of the outgoing interface is used as source for remote connections. Use this option to bind a static local IP address, instead.

−d [host:]port

daemon mode

Listen for connections on [host:]port. If no host specified, defaults to all IP addresses for the local host.

default: inetd mode

Stay in foreground (don’t fork) and log to stderr instead of via syslog (unless −o is specified).

default: background in daemon mode

−l program [−− programname [arg1 arg2 arg3...] ]

execute local inetd-type program.

−L program [−− programname [arg1 arg2 arg3...] ]

open local pty and execute program.

−s username

setuid() to username in daemon mode

−g groupname

setgid() to groupname in daemon mode. Clears all other groups.

−P { dir/ ⎪ file ⎪ none }

Pid file location

If the argument is a pathname ending in a slash, then a pid file named "stunnel.servicename.pid" will be created in the specified directory. If the argument is a filename (no trailing slash), then that filename will be used for the pid. If the argument is ’none’, then no pid file will be created.

−r [host:]port

connect to remote service

If no host specified, defaults to localhost.

EXAMPLES

In order to provide SSL encapsulation to your local imapd service, use

  stunnel -d 993 -l /usr/sbin/imapd -- imapd

If you want to provide tunneling to your pppd daemon on port 2020, use something like

  stunnel -d 2020 -L /usr/sbin/pppd -- pppd local

ENVIRONMENT

If Stunnel is used to create local processes using the −l or −L options, it will set the following environment variables
REMOTE_HOST

The IP address of the remote end of the connection.

SSL_CLIENT_DN

The DN (Distinguished Name, aka subject name) of the peer certificate, if a certificate was present and verified.

SSL_CLIENT_I_DN

The Issuer’s DN of the peer’s certificate, if a certificate was present and verified.

CERTIFICATES

Two things are important when generating certificate-key pairs for stunnel. The private key cannot be encrypted, because the server has no way to obtain the password from the user. To produce an unencrypted key add the −nodes option when running the req command from the openssl kit.

The order of contents of the .pem file is also important. It should contain the unencrypted private key first, then a signed certificate (not certificate request). There should be also empty lines after certificate and private key. Plaintext certificate information appended on the top of generated certificate should be discarded. So the file should look like this:

  -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
  [encoded key]
  -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
  [empty line]
  -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
  [encoded certificate]
  -----END CERTIFICATE-----
  [empty line]

RANDOMNESS

•

With recent (>=OpenSSL 0.9.5a) version of SSL it will stop loading random data automatically when sufficient entropy has been gathered. With previous versions it will continue to gather from all the above sources since no SSL function exists to tell when enough data is available.

Note that on Windows machines that do not have console user interaction (mouse movements, creating windows, etc) the screen contents are not variable enough to be sufficient, and you should provide a random file for use with the −R flag.

Note that the file specified with the −R flag should contain random data -- that means it should contain different information each time stunnel is run. This is handled automatically unless the −W flag is used. If you wish to update this file manually, the openssl rand command in recent versions of OpenSSL, would be useful.

One important note -- if /dev/urandom is available, OpenSSL has a habit of seeding the PRNG with it even when checking the random state, so on systems with /dev/urandom you’re likely to use it even though it’s listed at the very bottom of the list above. This isn’t stunnel’s behaviour, it’s OpenSSLs.

LIMITATIONS

SEE ALSO

inetd(8)

internet ’’super−server’’

http://stunnel.mirt.net/

Stunnel homepage

http://www.stunnel.org/

Stunnel Frequently Asked Questions

http://www.openssl.org/

OpenSSL project website

AUTHOR

Michal Trojnara

<Michal.Trojnara [AT] mirt.net>