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This module provides a pseudo random number generator. The module contains a number of algorithms. The uniform distribution algorithms are based on the Xoroshiro and Xorshift algorithms by Sebastiano Vigna. The normal distribution algorithm uses the Ziggurat Method by Marsaglia and Tsang on top of the uniform distribution algorithm.

For most algorithms, jump functions are provided for generating non-overlapping sequences for parallel computations. The jump functions perform calculations equivalent to perform a large number of repeated calls for calculating new states.

The following algorithms are provided:

exsss:

Xorshift116**, 58 bits precision and period of 2^116-1

Jump function: equivalent to 2^64 calls

This is the Xorshift116 generator combined with the StarStar scrambler from the 2018 paper by David Blackman and Sebastiano Vigna: Scrambled Linear Pseudorandom Number Generators

The generator does not need 58-bit rotates so it is faster than the Xoroshiro116 generator, and when combined with the StarStar scrambler it does not have any weak low bits like exrop (Xoroshiro116+).

Alas, this combination is about 10% slower than exrop, but is despite that the default algorithm thanks to its statistical qualities.

exro928ss:

Xoroshiro928**, 58 bits precision and a period of 2^928-1

Jump function: equivalent to 2^512 calls

This is a 58 bit version of Xoroshiro1024**, from the 2018 paper by David Blackman and Sebastiano Vigna: Scrambled Linear Pseudorandom Number Generators that on a 64 bit Erlang system executes only about 40% slower than the default exsss algorithm but with much longer period and better statistical properties, and on the flip side a larger state.

Many thanks to Sebastiano Vigna for his help with the 58 bit adaption.

exrop:

Xoroshiro116+, 58 bits precision and period of 2^116-1

Jump function: equivalent to 2^64 calls

exs1024s:

Xorshift1024*, 64 bits precision and a period of 2^1024-1

Jump function: equivalent to 2^512 calls

exsp:

Xorshift116+, 58 bits precision and period of 2^116-1

Jump function: equivalent to 2^64 calls

This is a corrected version of the previous default algorithm, that now has been superseded by Xoroshiro116+ (exrop). Since there is no native 58 bit rotate instruction this algorithm executes a little (say < 15%) faster than exrop. See the algorithms’ homepage.

The default algorithm is exsss (Xorshift116**). If a specific algorithm is required, ensure to always use seed/1 to initialize the state.

Undocumented (old) algorithms are deprecated but still implemented so old code relying on them will produce the same pseudo random sequences as before.

Note:

There were a number of problems in the implementation of the now undocumented algorithms, which is why they are deprecated. The new algorithms are a bit slower but do not have these problems:

Uniform integer ranges had a skew in the probability distribution that was not noticable for small ranges but for large ranges less than the generator’s precision the probability to produce a low number could be twice the probability for a high.

Uniform integer ranges larger than or equal to the generator’s precision used a floating point fallback that only calculated with 52 bits which is smaller than the requested range and therefore were not all numbers in the requested range even possible to produce.

Uniform floats had a non-uniform density so small values i.e less than 0.5 had got smaller intervals decreasing as the generated value approached 0.0 although still uniformly distributed for sufficiently large subranges. The new algorithms produces uniformly distributed floats on the form N * 2.0^(-53) hence equally spaced.

Every time a random number is requested, a state is used to calculate it and a new state is produced. The state can either be implicit or be an explicit argument and return value.

The functions with implicit state use the process dictionary variable rand_seed to remember the current state.

If a process calls uniform/0, uniform/1 or uniform_real/0 without setting a seed first, seed/1 is called automatically with the default algorithm and creates a non-constant seed.

The functions with explicit state never use the process dictionary.

Examples:

Simple use; creates and seeds the default algorithm with a non-constant seed if not already done:

R0 = rand:uniform(),
R1 = rand:uniform(),

Use a specified algorithm:

_ = rand:seed(exs928ss),
R2 = rand:uniform(),

Use a specified algorithm with a constant seed:

_ = rand:seed(exs928ss, {123, 123534, 345345}),
R3 = rand:uniform(),

Use the functional API with a non-constant seed:

S0 = rand:seed_s(exsss),
{R4, S1} = rand:uniform_s(S0),

Textbook basic form Box-Muller standard normal deviate

R5 = rand:uniform_real(),
R6 = rand:uniform(),
SND0 = math:sqrt(-2 * math:log(R5)) * math:cos(math:pi() * R6)

Create a standard normal deviate:

{SND1, S2} = rand:normal_s(S1),

Create a normal deviate with mean -3 and variance 0.5:

{ND0, S3} = rand:normal_s(-3, 0.5, S2),

Note:

The builtin random number generator algorithms are not cryptographically strong. If a cryptographically strong random number generator is needed, use something like crypto:rand_seed/0.

For all these generators except exro928ss and exsss the lowest bit(s) has got a slightly less random behaviour than all other bits. 1 bit for exrop (and exsp), and 3 bits for exs1024s. See for example the explanation in the Xoroshiro128+ generator source code:

Beside passing BigCrush, this generator passes the PractRand test suite
up to (and included) 16TB, with the exception of binary rank tests,
which fail due to the lowest bit being an LFSR; all other bits pass all
tests. We suggest to use a sign test to extract a random Boolean value.

If this is a problem; to generate a boolean with these algorithms use something like this:

(rand:uniform(16) > 8)

And for a general range, with N = 1 for exrop, and N = 3 for exs1024s:

(((rand:uniform(Range bsl N) - 1) bsr N) + 1)

The floating point generating functions in this module waste the lowest bits when converting from an integer so they avoid this snag.

DATA TYPES

alg() = builtin_alg() | atom()

alg_handler() =
#{type := alg(),
bits => integer() >= 0,
weak_low_bits => integer() >= 0,
max => integer() >= 0,
next :=
fun((alg_state()) -> {integer() >= 0, alg_state()}),
uniform => fun((state()) -> {float(), state()}),
uniform_n =>
fun((integer() >= 1, state()) -> {integer() >= 1, state()}),
jump => fun((state()) -> state())}

state() = {alg_handler(), alg_state()}

Algorithm-dependent state.

export_state() = {alg(), alg_state()}

Algorithm-dependent state that can be printed or saved to file.

seed() =
[integer()] | integer() | {integer(), integer(), integer()}

A seed value for the generator.

A list of integers sets the generator’s internal state directly, after algorithm-dependent checks of the value and masking to the proper word size.

An integer is used as the initial state for a SplitMix64 generator. The output values of that is then used for setting the generator’s internal state after masking to the proper word size and if needed avoiding zero values.

A traditional 3-tuple of integers seed is passed through algorithm-dependent hashing functions to create the generator’s initial state.

exsplus_state()