NAME
Linux-PAM − Pluggable Authentication Modules for Linux
SYNOPSIS
/etc/pam.conf
DESCRIPTION
This manual is intended to offer a quick introduction to Linux-PAM. For more information the reader is directed to the Linux-PAM system administrators’ guide.
Linux-PAM Is a system of libraries that handle the authentication tasks of applications (services) on the system. The library provides a stable general interface (Application Programming Interface - API) that privilege granting programs (such as login(1) and su(1)) defer to to perform standard authentication tasks.
The principal feature of the PAM approach is that the nature of the authentication is dynamically configurable. In other words, the system administrator is free to choose how individual service-providing applications will authenticate users. This dynamic configuration is set by the contents of the single Linux-PAM configuration file /etc/pam.conf. Alternatively, the configuration can be set by individual configuration files located in the /etc/pam.d/ directory. The presence of this directory will cause Linux-PAM to ignore /etc/pam.conf.
From the point of view of the system administrator, for whom this manual is provided, it is not of primary importance to understand the internal behavior of the Linux-PAM library. The important point to recognize is that the configuration file(s) define the connection between applications (services) and the pluggable authentication modules (PAMs) that perform the actual authentication tasks.
Linux-PAM separates the tasks of authentication into four independent management groups: account management; authentication management; password management; and session management. (We highlight the abbreviations used for these groups in the configuration file.)
Simply put, these groups take care of different aspects of a typical user’s request for a restricted service:
account - provide account verification types of service: has the user’s password expired?; is this user permitted access to the requested service?
authentication - establish the user is who they claim to be. Typically this is via some challenge-response request that the user must satisfy: if you are who you claim to be please enter your password. Not all authentications are of this type, there exist hardware based authentication schemes (such as the use of smart-cards and biometric devices), with suitable modules, these may be substituted seamlessly for more standard approaches to authentication - such is the flexibility of Linux-PAM.
password - this group’s responsibility is the task of updating authentication mechanisms. Typically, such services are strongly coupled to those of the auth group. Some authentication mechanisms lend themselves well to being updated with such a function. Standard UN*X password-based access is the obvious example: please enter a replacement password.
session - this group of tasks cover things that should be done prior to a service being given and after it is withdrawn. Such tasks include the maintenance of audit trails and the mounting of the user’s home directory. The session management group is important as it provides both an opening and closing hook for modules to affect the services available to a user.
The configuration file(s)
When a Linux-PAM aware privilege granting application is started, it activates its attachment to the PAM-API. This activation performs a number of tasks, the most important being the reading of the configuration file(s): /etc/pam.conf. Alternatively, this may be the contents of the /etc/pam.d/ directory.
These files list the PAMs that will do the authentication tasks required by this service, and the appropriate behavior of the PAM-API in the event that individual PAMs fail.
The syntax of the /etc/pam.conf configuration file is as follows. The file is made up of a list of rules, each rule is typically placed on a single line, but may be extended with an escaped end of line: ’\<LF>’. Comments are preceded with ’#’ marks and extend to the next end of line.
The format of each rule is a space separated collection of tokens, the first three being case-insensitive:
service type control module-path module-arguments
The syntax of files contained in the /etc/pam.d/ directory, are identical except for the absence of any service field. In this case, the service is the name of the file in the /etc/pam.d/ directory. This filename must be in lower case.
An important feature of Linux-PAM, is that a number of rules may be stacked to combine the services of a number of PAMs for a given authentication task.
The service is typically the familiar name of the corresponding application: login and su are good examples. The service-name, other, is reserved for giving default rules. Only lines that mention the current service (or in the absence of such, the other entries) will be associated with the given service-application.
The type is the management group that the rule corresponds to. It is used to specify which of the management groups the subsequent module is to be associated with. Valid entries are: account; auth; password; and session. The meaning of each of these tokens was explained above.
The third field, control, indicates the behavior of the PAM-API should the module fail to succeed in its authentication task. There are two types of syntax for this control field: the simple one has a single simple keyword; the more complicated one involves a square-bracketed selection of value=action pairs.
For the simple (historical) syntax valid control values are: requisite - failure of such a PAM results in the immediate termination of the authentication process; required - failure of such a PAM will ultimately lead to the PAM-API returning failure but only after the remaining stacked modules (for this service and type) have been invoked; sufficient - success of such a module is enough to satisfy the authentication requirements of the stack of modules (if a prior required module has failed the success of this one is ignored); optional - the success or failure of this module is only important if it is the only module in the stack associated with this service+type.
For the more complicated syntax valid control values have the following form:
[value1=action1value2=action2...]
Where
valueN corresponds to the return code from the
function invoked in the module for which the line is
defined. It is selected from one of these: success;
open_err; symbol_err; service_err;
system_err; buf_err; perm_denied;
auth_err; cred_insufficient;
authinfo_unavail; user_unknown;
maxtries; new_authtok_reqd;
acct_expired; session_err;
cred_unavail; cred_expired; cred_err;
no_module_data; conv_err; authtok_err;
authtok_recover_err; authtok_lock_busy;
authtok_disable_aging; try_again;
ignore; abort; authtok_expired;
module_unknown; bad_item; and default.
The last of these, default, implies ’all
valueN’s not mentioned explicitly. Note, the
full list of PAM errors is available in
/usr/include/security/_pam_types.h . The actionN can
be: an unsigned integer, J, signifying an action of
’jump over the next J modules in the stack’; or
take one of the following forms:
ignore - when used with a stack of modules, the
module’s return status will not contribute to the
return code the application obtains;
bad - this action indicates that the return code should
be thought of as indicative of the module failing. If this
module is the first in the stack to fail, its status value
will be used for that of the whole stack.
die - equivalent to bad with the side effect of
terminating the module stack and PAM immediately returning
to the application.
ok - this tells PAM that the administrator thinks this
return code should contribute directly to the return code of
the full stack of modules. In other words, if the former
state of the stack would lead to a return of
PAM_SUCCESS, the module’s return code will
override this value. Note, if the former state of the stack
holds some value that is indicative of a modules failure,
this ’ok’ value will not be used to override
that value.
done - equivalent to ok with the side effect of
terminating the module stack and PAM immediately returning
to the application.
reset - clear all memory of the state of the module
stack and start again with the next stacked module.
module-path - this is either the full filename of the PAM to be used by the application (it begins with a ’/’), or a relative pathname from the default module location: /lib/security/.
module-arguments - these are a space separated list of tokens that can be used to modify the specific behavior of the given PAM. Such arguments will be documented for each individual module.
FILES
/etc/pam.conf
- the configuration file
/etc/pam.d/ - the Linux-PAM configuration
directory. Generally, if this directory is present, the
/etc/pam.conf file is ignored.
/lib/libpam.so.X - the dynamic library
/lib/security/*.so - the PAMs
ERRORS
Typically errors generated by the Linux-PAM system of libraries, will be written to syslog(3).
CONFORMING TO
DCE-RFC 86.0,
October 1995.
Contains additional features, but remains backwardly
compatible with this RFC.
BUGS
None known.
SEE ALSO
The three Linux-PAM Guides, for system administrators, module developers, and application developers.