Manpages

NAME

lcov - a graphical GCOV front-end

SYNOPSIS

lcov -c|--capture

[-d|--directory directory] [-k|--kernel-directory directory]
[-o|--output-file tracefile] [-t|--test-name testname]
[-b|--base-directory directory] [-i|--initial] [--gcov-tool tool]
[--checksum] [--no-checksum] [--no-recursion] [-f|--follow]
[--compat-libtool] [--no-compat-libtool] [--ignore-errors errors]
[--to-package package] [--from-package package] [-q|--quiet]
[--no-markers] [--external] [--no-external]
[--config-file config-file] [--rc keyword=value]
[--compat mode=on|off|auto]
[--include pattern] [--exclude pattern]

lcov -z|--zerocounters

[-d|--directory directory] [--no-recursion] [-f|--follow]
[-q|--quiet]

lcov -l|--list tracefile

[-q|--quiet] [--list-full-path] [--no-list-full-path]
[--config-file config-file] [--rc keyword=value]

lcov -a|--add-tracefile tracefile

[-o|--output-file tracefile] [--checksum] [--no-checksum]
[-q|--quiet] [--config-file config-file] [--rc keyword=value]

lcov -e|--extract tracefile pattern

[-o|--output-file tracefile] [--checksum] [--no-checksum]
[-q|--quiet] [--config-file config-file] [--rc keyword=value]

lcov -r|--remove tracefile pattern

[-o|--output-file tracefile] [--checksum] [--no-checksum]
[-q|--quiet] [--config-file config-file] [--rc keyword=value]

lcov --diff tracefile diff

[-o|--output-file tracefile] [--checksum] [--no-checksum]
[--convert-filenames] [--strip depth] [--path path] [-q|--quiet]
[--config-file config-file] [--rc keyword=value]

lcov --summary tracefile

[-q|--quiet]

lcov [-h|--help] [-v|--version]

DESCRIPTION

lcov is a graphical front-end for GCC’s coverage testing tool gcov. It collects line, function and branch coverage data for multiple source files and creates HTML pages containing the source code annotated with coverage information. It also adds overview pages for easy navigation within the file structure.

Use lcov to collect coverage data and genhtml to create HTML pages. Coverage data can either be collected from the currently running Linux kernel or from a user space application. To do this, you have to complete the following preparation steps:

For Linux kernel coverage:

Follow the setup instructions for the gcov-kernel infrastructure: http://ltp.sourceforge.net/coverage/gcov.php

For user space application coverage:

Compile the application with GCC using the options "-fprofile-arcs" and "-ftest-coverage".

Please note that this man page refers to the output format of lcov as ".info file" or "tracefile" and that the output of GCOV is called ".da file".

Also note that when printing percentages, 0% and 100% are only printed when the values are exactly 0% and 100% respectively. Other values which would conventionally be rounded to 0% or 100% are instead printed as nearest non-boundary value. This behavior is in accordance with that of the gcov(1) tool.

OPTIONS

-a tracefile
--add-tracefile tracefile

Add contents of tracefile.

Specify several tracefiles using the -a switch to combine the coverage data contained in these files by adding up execution counts for matching test and filename combinations.

The result of the add operation will be written to stdout or the tracefile specified with -o.

Only one of -z, -c, -a, -e, -r, -l, --diff or --summary may be specified at a time.

-b directory
--base-directory directory

Use directory as base directory for relative paths.

Use this option to specify the base directory of a build-environment when lcov produces error messages like:

ERROR: could not read source file /home/user/project/subdir1/subdir2/subdir1/subdir2/file.c

In this example, use /home/user/project as base directory.

This option is required when using lcov on projects built with libtool or similar build environments that work with a base directory, i.e. environments, where the current working directory when invoking the compiler is not the same directory in which the source code file is located.

Note that this option will not work in environments where multiple base directories are used. In that case use configuration file setting geninfo_auto_base=1 (see lcovrc(5)).

-c
--capture

Capture coverage data.

By default captures the current kernel execution counts and writes the resulting coverage data to the standard output. Use the --directory option to capture counts for a user space program.

The result of the capture operation will be written to stdout or the tracefile specified with -o.

Only one of -z, -c, -a, -e, -r, -l, --diff or --summary may be specified at a time.

--checksum
--no-checksum

Specify whether to generate checksum data when writing tracefiles.

Use --checksum to enable checksum generation or --no-checksum to disable it. Checksum generation is disabled by default.

When checksum generation is enabled, a checksum will be generated for each source code line and stored along with the coverage data. This checksum will be used to prevent attempts to combine coverage data from different source code versions.

If you don’t work with different source code versions, disable this option to speed up coverage data processing and to reduce the size of tracefiles.

--compat mode=value[,mode=value,...]

Set compatibility mode.

Use --compat to specify that lcov should enable one or more compatibility modes when capturing coverage data. You can provide a comma-separated list of mode=value pairs to specify the values for multiple modes.

Valid values are:

on

Enable compatibility mode.

off

Disable compatibility mode.

auto

Apply auto-detection to determine if compatibility mode is required. Note that auto-detection is not available for all compatibility modes.

If no value is specified, ’on’ is assumed as default value.

Valid modes are:

libtool

Enable this mode if you are capturing coverage data for a project that was built using the libtool mechanism. See also --compat-libtool.

The default value for this setting is ’on’.

hammer

Enable this mode if you are capturing coverage data for a project that was built using a version of GCC 3.3 that contains a modification (hammer patch) of later GCC versions. You can identify a modified GCC 3.3 by checking the build directory of your project for files ending in the extension ’.bbg’. Unmodified versions of GCC 3.3 name these files ’.bb’.

The default value for this setting is ’auto’.

split_crc

Enable this mode if you are capturing coverage data for a project that was built using a version of GCC 4.6 that contains a modification (split function checksums) of later GCC versions. Typical error messages when running lcov on coverage data produced by such GCC versions are ´out of memory’ and ’reached unexpected end of file’.

The default value for this setting is ’auto’

--compat-libtool
--no-compat-libtool

Specify whether to enable libtool compatibility mode.

Use --compat-libtool to enable libtool compatibility mode or --no-compat-libtool to disable it. The libtool compatibility mode is enabled by default.

When libtool compatibility mode is enabled, lcov will assume that the source code relating to a .da file located in a directory named ".libs" can be found in its parent directory.

If you have directories named ".libs" in your build environment but don’t use libtool, disable this option to prevent problems when capturing coverage data.

--config-file config-file

Specify a configuration file to use.

When this option is specified, neither the system-wide configuration file /etc/lcovrc, nor the per-user configuration file ~/.lcovrc is read.

This option may be useful when there is a need to run several instances of lcov with different configuration file options in parallel.

--convert-filenames

Convert filenames when applying diff.

Use this option together with --diff to rename the file names of processed data sets according to the data provided by the diff.

--diff tracefile difffile

Convert coverage data in tracefile using source code diff file difffile.

Use this option if you want to merge coverage data from different source code levels of a program, e.g. when you have data taken from an older version and want to combine it with data from a more current version. lcov will try to map source code lines between those versions and adjust the coverage data respectively. difffile needs to be in unified format, i.e. it has to be created using the "-u" option of the diff tool.

Note that lines which are not present in the old version will not be counted as instrumented, therefore tracefiles resulting from this operation should not be interpreted individually but together with other tracefiles taken from the newer version. Also keep in mind that converted coverage data should only be used for overview purposes as the process itself introduces a loss of accuracy.

The result of the diff operation will be written to stdout or the tracefile specified with -o.

Only one of -z, -c, -a, -e, -r, -l, --diff or --summary may be specified at a time.

-d directory
--directory directory

Use .da files in directory instead of kernel.

If you want to work on coverage data for a user space program, use this option to specify the location where the program was compiled (that’s where the counter files ending with .da will be stored).

Note that you may specify this option more than once.

--exclude pattern

Exclude source files matching pattern.

Use this switch if you want to exclude coverage data for a particular set of source files matching any of the given patterns. Multiple patterns can be specified by using multiple --exclude command line switches. The patterns will be interpreted as shell wildcard patterns (note that they may need to be escaped accordingly to prevent the shell from expanding them first).

Can be combined with the --include command line switch. If a given file matches both the include pattern and the exclude pattern, the exclude pattern will take precedence.

--external
--no-external

Specify whether to capture coverage data for external source files.

External source files are files which are not located in one of the directories specified by --directory or --base-directory. Use --external to include external source files while capturing coverage data or --no-external to ignore this data.

Data for external source files is included by default.

-e tracefile pattern
--extract tracefile pattern

Extract data from tracefile.

Use this switch if you want to extract coverage data for only a particular set of files from a tracefile. Additional command line parameters will be interpreted as shell wildcard patterns (note that they may need to be escaped accordingly to prevent the shell from expanding them first). Every file entry in tracefile which matches at least one of those patterns will be extracted.

The result of the extract operation will be written to stdout or the tracefile specified with -o.

Only one of -z, -c, -a, -e, -r, -l, --diff or --summary may be specified at a time.

-f
--follow

Follow links when searching for .da files.

--from-package package

Use .da files in package instead of kernel or directory.

Use this option if you have separate machines for build and test and want to perform the .info file creation on the build machine. See --to-package for more information.

--gcov-tool tool

Specify the location of the gcov tool.

-h
--help

Print a short help text, then exit.

--include pattern

Include source files matching pattern.

Use this switch if you want to include coverage data for only a particular set of source files matching any of the given patterns. Multiple patterns can be specified by using multiple --include command line switches. The patterns will be interpreted as shell wildcard patterns (note that they may need to be escaped accordingly to prevent the shell from expanding them first).

--ignore-errors errors

Specify a list of errors after which to continue processing.

Use this option to specify a list of one or more classes of errors after which lcov should continue processing instead of aborting.

errors can be a comma-separated list of the following keywords:

gcov: the gcov tool returned with a non-zero return code.

source: the source code file for a data set could not be found.

graph: the graph file could not be found or is corrupted.

-i
--initial

Capture initial zero coverage data.

Run lcov with -c and this option on the directories containing .bb, .bbg or .gcno files before running any test case. The result is a "baseline" coverage data file that contains zero coverage for every instrumented line. Combine this data file (using lcov -a) with coverage data files captured after a test run to ensure that the percentage of total lines covered is correct even when not all source code files were loaded during the test.

Recommended procedure when capturing data for a test case:

1. create baseline coverage data file

# lcov -c -i -d appdir -o app_base.info

2. perform test

# appdir/test

3. create test coverage data file

# lcov -c -d appdir -o app_test.info

4. combine baseline and test coverage data

# lcov -a app_base.info -a app_test.info -o app_total.info

-k subdirectory
--kernel-directory subdirectory

Capture kernel coverage data only from subdirectory.

Use this option if you don’t want to get coverage data for all of the kernel, but only for specific subdirectories. This option may be specified more than once.

Note that you may need to specify the full path to the kernel subdirectory depending on the version of the kernel gcov support.

-l tracefile
--list tracefile

List the contents of the tracefile.

Only one of -z, -c, -a, -e, -r, -l, --diff or --summary may be specified at a time.

--list-full-path
--no-list-full-path

Specify whether to show full paths during list operation.

Use --list-full-path to show full paths during list operation or --no-list-full-path to show shortened paths. Paths are shortened by default.

--no-markers

Use this option if you want to get coverage data without regard to exclusion markers in the source code file. See geninfo (1) for details on exclusion markers.

--no-recursion

Use this option if you want to get coverage data for the specified directory only without processing subdirectories.

-o tracefile
--output-file tracefile

Write data to tracefile instead of stdout.

Specify "-" as a filename to use the standard output.

By convention, lcov-generated coverage data files are called "tracefiles" and should have the filename extension ".info".

--path path

Strip path from filenames when applying diff.

Use this option together with --diff to tell lcov to disregard the specified initial path component when matching between tracefile and diff filenames.

-q
--quiet

Do not print progress messages.

This option is implied when no output filename is specified to prevent progress messages to mess with coverage data which is also printed to the standard output.

--rc keyword=value

Override a configuration directive.

Use this option to specify a keyword=value statement which overrides the corresponding configuration statement in the lcovrc configuration file. You can specify this option more than once to override multiple configuration statements. See lcovrc(5) for a list of available keywords and their meaning.

-r tracefile pattern
--remove tracefile pattern

Remove data from tracefile.

Use this switch if you want to remove coverage data for a particular set of files from a tracefile. Additional command line parameters will be interpreted as shell wildcard patterns (note that they may need to be escaped accordingly to prevent the shell from expanding them first). Every file entry in tracefile which matches at least one of those patterns will be removed.

The result of the remove operation will be written to stdout or the tracefile specified with -o.

Only one of -z, -c, -a, -e, -r, -l, --diff or --summary may be specified at a time.

--strip depth

Strip path components when applying diff.

Use this option together with --diff to tell lcov to disregard the specified number of initial directories when matching tracefile and diff filenames.

--summary tracefile

Show summary coverage information for the specified tracefile.

Note that you may specify this option more than once.

Only one of -z, -c, -a, -e, -r, -l, --diff or --summary may be specified at a time.

-t testname
--test-name testname

Specify test name to be stored in the tracefile.

This name identifies a coverage data set when more than one data set is merged into a combined tracefile (see option -a).

Valid test names can consist of letters, decimal digits and the underscore character ("_").

--to-package package

Store .da files for later processing.

Use this option if you have separate machines for build and test and want to perform the .info file creation on the build machine. To do this, follow these steps:

On the test machine:

- run the test
- run lcov -c [-d directory] --to-package file
- copy file to the build machine

On the build machine:

- run lcov -c --from-package file [-o and other options]

This works for both kernel and user space coverage data. Note that you might have to specify the path to the build directory using -b with either --to-package or --from-package. Note also that the package data must be converted to a .info file before recompiling the program or it will become invalid.

-v
--version

Print version number, then exit.

-z
--zerocounters

Reset all execution counts to zero.

By default tries to reset kernel execution counts. Use the --directory option to reset all counters of a user space program.

Only one of -z, -c, -a, -e, -r, -l, --diff or --summary may be specified at a time.

FILES

/etc/lcovrc

The system-wide configuration file.

~/.lcovrc

The per-user configuration file.

AUTHOR

Peter Oberparleiter <Peter.Oberparleiter [AT] de.com>

SEE ALSO

lcovrc(5), genhtml(1), geninfo(1), genpng(1), gendesc(1), gcov(1)