Manpages

NAME

crypttab - static information about encrypted filesystems

DESCRIPTION

The file /etc/crypttab contains descriptive information about encrypted devices. crypttab is only read by programs (e.g. cryptdisks_start and cryptdisks_stop), and not written; it is the duty of the system administrator to properly create and maintain this file. crypttab entries are treated sequentially, so their order matters (dependencies need to listed first).

Each encrypted device is described on a separate line. Fields on each line are separated by tabs or spaces. Lines starting with '#' are comments, and blank lines are ignored. Octal sequences \0num within a field are decoded, which can be used for values containing spaces or special characters. A backslash which doesn't start an octal sequence yields undefined behavior.

The first field, target, describes the mapped device name. It must be a plain filename without any directory components. A mapped device which encrypts/decrypts data to/from the source device will be created at /dev/mapper/target by cryptsetup.

The second field, source device, describes either the block special device or file that contains the encrypted data. Instead of giving the source device explicitly, the UUID (resp. LABEL, PARTUUID and PARTLABEL) is supported as well, using “UUID=<uuid>” (resp. “LABEL=<label>”, “PARTUUID=<partuuid>” and “PARTLABEL=<partlabel>”).

The third field, key file, describes the file to use as a key for decrypting the data of the source device. In case of a keyscript, the value of this field is given as argument to the keyscript. Note that the entire key file will be used as the passphrase; the passphrase must not be followed by a newline character.

It can also be a device name (e.g. /dev/urandom), note however that LUKS requires a persistent key and therefore does not support random data keys.

If the key file is the string none, a passphrase will be read interactively from the console. In this case, the options check, checkargs and tries may be useful.

The fourth field, options, is an optional comma-separated list of options and/or flags describing the device type (luks, tcrypt, bitlk, fvault2, or plain which is also the default) and cryptsetup options associated with the encryption process. The supported options are described below. For plain dm-crypt devices the cipher, hash and size options are required. Some options can be changed on active mappings using cryptsetup refresh [<options>] <name>. Furthermore some options can be permanently written into metadata of LUKS2 headers using cryptsetup's --persistent flag.

Note that the first three fields are required and that a missing field will lead to unspecified behaviour.

ON DIFFERENT CRYPTTAB FORMATS

Please note that there are several independent cryptsetup wrappers with their own crypttab format. This manpage covers Debian's implementation for initramfs scripts and SysVinit init scripts. systemd brings its own crypttab implementation. We try to cover the differences between the systemd and our implementation in this manpage, but if in doubt, better check the systemd crypttab(5) manpage, e.g. online at https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/crypttab.html.

OPTIONS

cipher=<cipher>

Encryption algorithm (ignored for LUKS and TCRYPT devices). See cryptsetup -c.

size=<size>

Encryption key size (ignored for LUKS and TCRYPT devices). See cryptsetup -s.

sector-size=<bytes>

Sector size. See cryptsetup(8) for possible values and the default value of this option.

hash=<hash>

Hash algorithm (ignored for LUKS and TCRYPT devices). See cryptsetup -h.

offset=<offset>

Start offset (ignored for LUKS and TCRYPT devices). Uses cryptsetup -o.

skip=<skip>

Skip sectors at the beginning (ignored for LUKS and TCRYPT devices). Uses cryptsetup -p.

keyfile-offset=<keyfile-offset>

Specifies the number of bytes to skip at the start of the key file.

keyfile-size=<keyfile-size>

Specifies the maximum number of bytes to read from the key file. The default is to read the whole file up to the compiled-in maximum, that can be queried with cryptsetup --help. This option is ignored for plain dm-crypt devices, as the key file size is then given by the encryption key size (option size).

keyslot=<slot>, key-slot=<slot>

Key slot (ignored for non-LUKS devices). See cryptsetup -S.

header=<path>

Detached header file (ignored for plain dm-crypt devices). See cryptsetup --header.

verify

Verify password. Uses cryptsetup -y.

readonly, read-only

Set up a read-only mapping.

tries=<num>

Try to unlock the device <num> before failing. It's particularly useful when using a passphrase or a keyscript that asks for interactive input. If you want to disable retries, pass “tries=1”. Default is “3”. Setting “tries=0” means infinitive retries.

discard

Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests for device.

Starting with Debian 10 (Buster), this option is added per default to new dm-crypt devices by the Debian Installer. If you don't care about leaking access patterns (filesystem type, used space) and don't have hidden truecrypt volumes inside this volume, then it should be safe to enable this option. See the following warning for further information.

WARNING: Assess the specific security risks carefully before enabling this option. For example, allowing discards on encrypted devices may lead to the leak of information about the ciphertext device (filesystem type, used space etc.) if the discarded blocks can be located easily on the device later.

luks

Force LUKS mode. When this mode is used, the following options are ignored since they are provided by the LUKS header on the device: cipher=, hash=, size=

plain

Force plain encryption mode.

bitlk

Force BITLK (Windows BitLocker-compatible) mode. WARNING: crypttab support is currently experimental.

fvault2

Force Apple's FileVault2 mode. Only the (legacy) FileVault2 format based on Core Storage and HFS+ filesystem (introduced in MacOS X 10.7 Lion) is currently supported; the new version of FileVault based on the APFS filesystem used in recent macOS versions is not supported.

tcrypt

Use TrueCrypt encryption mode. When this mode is used, the following options are ignored since they are provided by the TrueCrypt header on the device or do not apply: cipher=, hash=, keyfile-offset=, keyfile-size=, size=

veracrypt, tcrypt-veracrypt

Use VeraCrypt extension to TrueCrypt device. Only useful in conjunction with tcrypt option (ignored for non-TrueCrypt devices).

tcrypthidden, tcrypt-hidden

Use hidden TCRYPT header (ignored for non-TCRYPT devices).

same-cpu-crypt

Perform encryption using the same cpu that IO was submitted on.

submit-from-crypt-cpus

Disable offloading writes to a separate thread after encryption.

no-read-workqueue, no-write-workqueue

Bypass dm-crypt internal workqueue and process read or write requests synchronously.

swap

Run mkswap on the created device.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices.

tmp[=<tmpfs>]

Run mkfs with filesystem type <tmpfs> (or ext4 if omitted) on the created device.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices.

check[=<check>]

Check the content of the target device by a suitable program; if the check fails, the device is closed immediately. The program is being run with decrypted volume (target device) as first positional argument and, if the checkargs option is used, its value as second argument. See the CHECKSCRIPTS section for more information.

The program is either specified by full path or relative to /lib/cryptsetup/checks/. If omitted, then the value of $CRYPTDISKS_CHECK set in /etc/default/cryptdisks is used (blkid by default).

This option is specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

checkargs=<arguments>

Give <arguments> as the second argument to the check script. See the CHECKSCRIPTS section for more information.

This option is specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

initramfs

The initramfs hook processes the root device, any resume devices and any devices with the initramfs option set. These devices are processed within the initramfs stage of boot. As an example, that allows the use of remote unlocking using dropbear.

This option is specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

noearly

The cryptsetup init scripts are invoked twice during the boot process - once before lvm, raid, etc. are started and once again after that. Sometimes you need to start your encrypted disks in a special order. With this option the device is ignored during the first invocation of the cryptsetup init scripts.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices and specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

noauto

Entirely ignore the device at the boot process. It's still possible to map the device manually using cryptdisks_start.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices and specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

loud

Be loud. Print warnings if a device does not exist. This option overrides the option quiet.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices and specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

quiet

Be quiet. Don't print warnings if a device does not exist. This option overrides the option loud.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices and specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

keyscript=<path>

The executable at the indicated path is executed with the value of the third field as only argument. The keyscript's standard output is passed to cryptsetup as decyption key. Its exit status is currently ignored, but no assumption should be made in that regard. When used in initramfs, the executable either needs to be self-contained (i.e. doesn't rely on any external program which is not present in the initramfs environment) or the dependencies have to added to the initramfs image by other means. The program is either specified by full path or relative to /lib/cryptsetup/scripts/.

LIMITATIONS: All binaries and files on which the keyscript depends must be available at the time of execution. Special care needs to be taken for encrypted filesystems like /usr or /var. As an example, unlocking encrypted /usr must not depend on binaries from /usr/(s)bin.

This option is specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

WARNING: With systemd as init system, this option might be ignored. At the time this is written (December 2016), the systemd cryptsetup helper doesn't support the keyscript option to /etc/crypttab. For the time being, the only option to use keyscripts along with systemd is to force processing of the corresponding crypto devices in the initramfs. See the 'initramfs' option for further information.

All fields of the appropriate crypttab entry are available to the keyscript as exported environment variables:

CRYPTTAB_NAME, _CRYPTTAB_NAME

The target name (after resp. before octal sequence decoding).

CRYPTTAB_SOURCE, _CRYPTTAB_SOURCE

The source device (after resp. before octal sequence decoding and device resolution).

CRYPTTAB_KEY, _CRYPTTAB_KEY

The value of the third field (after resp. before octal sequence decoding).

CRYPTTAB_OPTIONS, _CRYPTTAB_OPTIONS

A list of exported crypttab options (after resp. before octal sequence decoding).

CRYPTTAB_OPTION_<option>

The value of the appropriate crypttab option, with value set to 'yes' in case the option is merely a flag. For option aliases, such as 'readonly' and 'read-only', the variable name refers to the first alternative listed (thus 'CRYPTTAB_OPTION_readonly' in that case). If the crypttab option name contains '-' characters, then they are replaced with '_' in the exported variable name. For instance, the value of the 'CRYPTTAB_OPTION_keyfile_offset' environment variable is set to the value of the 'keyfile-offset' crypttab option.

CRYPTTAB_TRIED

Number of previous tries since start of cryptdisks (counts until maximum number of tries is reached).

CHECKSCRIPTS

blkid

Checks for any known filesystem. Supports a filesystem type as argument via <checkargs>:

• no checkargs - succeeds if any valid filesystem is found on the device.

• "none" - succeeds if no valid filesystem is found on the device.

• "ext4" [or another filesystem type like xfs, swap, crypto_LUKS, ...] - succeeds if ext4 filesystem is found on the device.

un_blkid

Checks for no known filesystem. Supports a filesystem type as argument via <checkargs>:

• no checkargs - succeeds if no valid filesystem is found on the device.

• "ext4" [or another filesystem type like xfs, swap, crypto_LUKS, ...] - succeeds if no ext4 filesystem is found on the device.

EXAMPLES

# Encrypted swap device
cswap /dev/sda6 /dev/urandom plain,cipher=aes-xts-plain64,size=256,hash=sha1,swap

# Encrypted LUKS disk with interactive password, identified by its UUID, discard enabled
cdisk0 UUID=12345678-9abc-def012345-6789abcdef01 none luks,discard

# Encrypted TCRYPT disk with interactive password, discard enabled
tdisk0 /dev/sr0 none tcrypt,discard

# Encrypted ext4 disk with interactive password, discard enabled
# - retry 5 times if the check fails
cdisk1 /dev/sda2 none plain,cipher=aes-xts-plain64,size=256,hash=sha1,check,checkargs=ext4,tries=5,discard

# Encrypted disk with interactive password, discard enabled
# - use a nondefault check script
# - no retries
cdisk2 /dev/sdc1 none plain,cipher=aes-xts-plain64,size=256,hash=sha1,check=customscript,tries=1,discard

# Encrypted disk with interactive password, discard enabled
# - Twofish as the cipher, RIPEMD-160 as the hash
cdisk3 /dev/sda3 none plain,cipher=twofish,size=256,hash=ripemd160,discard

ENVIRONMENT

CRYPTDISKS_ENABLE

Set to yes to run cryptdisks initscripts at startup. Set to no to disable cryptdisks initscripts. Default is yes.

CRYPTDISKS_MOUNT

Specifies the mountpoints that are mounted before cryptdisks is invoked. Takes mountpoints configured in /etc/fstab as arguments. Separate mountpoints by space. This is useful for keys on removable devices, such as cdrom, usbstick, flashcard, etc. Default is unset.

CRYPTDISKS_CHECK

Specifies the default checkscript to be run against the target device, after cryptdisks has been invoked. The target device is passed as the first and only argument to the checkscript. Takes effect if the check option is given in crypttab with no value. See documentation for check option above for more information.

KNOWN UPGRADE ISSUES

The upstream defaults for encryption cipher, hash and keysize have changed several times in the past, and they're expected to change again in future, for example if security issues arise. On LUKS devices, the used settings are stored in the LUKS header, and thus don't need to be configured in /etc/crypttab. For plain dm-crypt devices, no information about used cipher, hash and keysize are available at all. Therefore we strongly suggest to configure the cipher, hash and keysize in /etc/crypttab for plain dm-crypt devices, even if they match the current default.

SEE ALSO

cryptsetup(8), cryptdisks_start(8), cryptdisks_stop(8), /usr/share/doc/cryptsetup-initramfs/README.initramfs.gz

AUTHOR

This manual page was originally written by Bastian Kleineidam <calvin [AT] debian.org> for the Debian distribution of cryptsetup. It has been further improved by Michael Gebetsroither <michael.geb [AT] gmx.at>, David Härdeman <david [AT] hardeman.nu> and Jonas Meurer <jonas [AT] freesources.org>.