XARGS(1) XARGS(1)
xargs - build and execute command lines from standard input
xargs [-0prtx] [-E eof-str] [-e[eof-str]] [--eof[=eof-str]] [--null]
[-d delimiter] [--delimiter delimiter] [-I replace-str] [-i[replace-
str]] [--replace[=replace-str]] [-l[max-lines]] [-L max-lines]
[--max-lines[=max-lines]] [-n max-args] [--max-args=max-args] [-s max-
chars] [--max-chars=max-chars] [-P max-procs] [--max-procs=max-procs]
[--interactive] [--verbose] [--exit] [--no-run-if-empty]
[--arg-file=file] [--show-limits] [--version] [--help] [command
[initial-arguments]]
This manual page documents the GNU version of xargs. xargs reads items
from the standard input, delimited by blanks (which can be protected
with double or single quotes or a backslash) or newlines, and executes
the command (default is /bin/echo) one or more times with any initial-
arguments followed by items read from standard input. Blank lines on
the standard input are ignored.
Because Unix filenames can contain blanks and newlines, this default
behaviour is often problematic; filenames containing blanks and/or new-
lines are incorrectly processed by xargs. In these situations it is
better to use the -0 option, which prevents such problems. When using
this option you will need to ensure that the program which produces the
input for xargs also uses a null character as a separator. If that
program is GNU find for example, the -print0 option does this for you.
If any invocation of the command exits with a status of 255, xargs will
stop immediately without reading any further input. An error message
is issued on stderr when this happens.
--arg-file=file
-a file
Read items from file instead of standard input. If you use this
option, stdin remains unchanged when commands are run. Other-
wise, stdin is redirected from /dev/null.
--null
-0 Input items are terminated by a null character instead of by
whitespace, and the quotes and backslash are not special (every
character is taken literally). Disables the end of file string,
which is treated like any other argument. Useful when input
items might contain white space, quote marks, or backslashes.
The GNU find -print0 option produces input suitable for this
mode.
--delimiter=delim
-d delim
Input items are terminated by the specified character. Quotes
and backslash are not special; every character in the input is
taken literally. Disables the end-of-file string, which is
treated like any other argument. This can be used when the in-
put consists of simply newline-separated items, although it is
almost always better to design your program to use --null where
this is possible. The specified delimiter may be a single char-
acter, a C-style character escape such as \n, or an octal or
hexadecimal escape code. Octal and hexadecimal escape codes are
understood as for the printf command. Multibyte characters are
not supported.
-E eof-str
Set the end of file string to eof-str. If the end of file
string occurs as a line of input, the rest of the input is ig-
nored. If neither -E nor -e is used, no end of file string is
used.
--eof[=eof-str]
-e[eof-str]
This option is a synonym for the -E option. Use -E instead, be-
cause it is POSIX compliant while this option is not. If eof-
str is omitted, there is no end of file string. If neither -E
nor -e is used, no end of file string is used.
--help Print a summary of the options to xargs and exit.
-I replace-str
Replace occurrences of replace-str in the initial-arguments with
names read from standard input. Also, unquoted blanks do not
terminate input items; instead the separator is the newline
character. Implies -x and -L 1.
--replace[=replace-str]
-i[replace-str]
This option is a synonym for -Ireplace-str if replace-str is
specified, and for -I{} otherwise. This option is deprecated;
use -I instead.
-L max-lines
Use at most max-lines nonblank input lines per command line.
Trailing blanks cause an input line to be logically continued on
the next input line. Implies -x.
--max-lines[=max-lines]
-l[max-lines]
Synonym for the -L option. Unlike -L, the max-lines argument is
optional. If max-lines is not specified, it defaults to one.
The -l option is deprecated since the POSIX standard specifies
-L instead.
--max-args=max-args
-n max-args
Use at most max-args arguments per command line. Fewer than
max-args arguments will be used if the size (see the -s option)
is exceeded, unless the -x option is given, in which case xargs
will exit.
--interactive
-p Prompt the user about whether to run each command line and read
a line from the terminal. Only run the command line if the re-
sponse starts with `y' or `Y'. Implies -t.
--no-run-if-empty
-r If the standard input does not contain any nonblanks, do not run
the command. Normally, the command is run once even if there is
no input. This option is a GNU extension.
--max-chars=max-chars
-s max-chars
Use at most max-chars characters per command line, including the
command and initial-arguments and the terminating nulls at the
ends of the argument strings. The largest allowed value is sys-
tem-dependent, and is calculated as the argument length limit
for exec, less the size of your environment, less 2048 bytes of
headroom. If this value is more than 128KiB, 128Kib is used as
the default value; otherwise, the default value is the maximum.
1KiB is 1024 bytes.
--verbose
-t Print the command line on the standard error output before exe-
cuting it.
--version
Print the version number of xargs and exit.
--show-limits
Display the limits on the command-line length which are imposed
by the operating system, xargs' choice of buffer size and the -s
option. Pipe the input from /dev/null (and perhaps specify
--no-run-if-empty) if you don't want xargs to do anything.
--exit
-x Exit if the size (see the -s option) is exceeded.
--max-procs=max-procs
-P max-procs
Run up to max-procs processes at a time; the default is 1. If
max-procs is 0, xargs will run as many processes as possible at
a time. Use the -n option with -P; otherwise chances are that
only one exec will be done.
find /tmp -name core -type f -print | xargs /bin/rm -f
Find files named core in or below the directory /tmp and delete them.
Note that this will work incorrectly if there are any filenames con-
taining newlines or spaces.
find /tmp -name core -type f -print0 | xargs -0 /bin/rm -f
Find files named core in or below the directory /tmp and delete them,
processing filenames in such a way that file or directory names con-
taining spaces or newlines are correctly handled.
find /tmp -depth -name core -type f -delete
Find files named core in or below the directory /tmp and delete them,
but more efficiently than in the previous example (because we avoid the
need to use fork(2) and exec(2) to launch rm and we don't need the ex-
tra xargs process).
cut -d: -f1 < /etc/passwd | sort | xargs echo
Generates a compact listing of all the users on the system.
xargs sh -c 'emacs "$@" < /dev/tty' emacs
Launches the minimum number of copies of Emacs needed, one after the
other, to edit the files listed on xargs' standard input. This example
achieves the same effect as BSD's -o option, but in a more flexible and
portable way.
xargs exits with the following status:
0 if it succeeds
123 if any invocation of the command exited with status 1-125
124 if the command exited with status 255
125 if the command is killed by a signal
126 if the command cannot be run
127 if the command is not found
1 if some other error occurred.
Exit codes greater than 128 are used by the shell to indicate that a
program died due to a fatal signal.
As of GNU xargs version 4.2.9, the default behaviour of xargs is not to
have a logical end-of-file marker. POSIX (IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edi-
tion) allows this.
The -l and -i options appear in the 1997 version of the POSIX standard,
but do not appear in the 2004 version of the standard. Therefore you
should use -L and -I instead, respectively.
The POSIX stadard allows implementations to have a limit on the size of
arguments to the exec functions. This limit could be as low as 4096
bytes including the size of the environment. For scripts to be
portable, they must not rely on a larger value. However, I know of no
implementation whose actual limit is that small. The --show-limits op-
tion can be used to discover the actual limits in force on the current
system.
find(1), locate(1), locatedb(5), updatedb(1), fork(2), execvp(3), Find-
ing Files (on-line in Info, or printed)
The -L option is incompatible with the -I option, but perhaps should
not be.
It is not possible for xargs to be used securely, since there will al-
ways be a time gap between the production of the list of input files
and their use in the commands that xargs issues. If other users have
access to the system, they can manipulate the filesystem during this
time window to force the action of the commands xargs runs to apply to
files that you didn't intend. For a more detailed discussion of this
and related problems, please refer to the ``Security Considerations''
chapter in the findutils Texinfo documentation. The -execdir option of
find can often be used as a more secure alternative.
When you use the -I option, each line read from the input is buffered
internally. This means that there is an upper limit on the length of
input line that xargs will accept when used with the -I option. To
work around this limitation, you can use the -s option to increase the
amount of buffer space that xargs uses, and you can also use an extra
invocation of xargs to ensure that very long lines do not occur. For
example:
somecommand | xargs -s 50000 echo | xargs -I '{}' -s 100000 rm '{}'
Here, the first invocation of xargs has no input line length limit be-
cause it doesn't use the -i option. The second invocation of xargs
does have such a limit, but we have ensured that the it never encoun-
ters a line which is longer than it can handle. This is not an ideal
solution. Instead, the -i option should not impose a line length lim-
it, which is why this discussion appears in the BUGS section. The
problem doesn't occur with the output of find(1) because it emits just
one filename per line.
The best way to report a bug is to use the form at http://savan-
nah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=findutils. The reason for this is that you
will then be able to track progress in fixing the problem. Other com-
ments about xargs(1) and about the findutils package in general can be
sent to the bug-findutils mailing list. To join the list, send email
to bug-findutils-request [AT] gnu.org.
XARGS(1)